Android and iPhone

Over the past decade, electronic companies such as Samsung and Apple has collaborated with mobile phone carriers, and researched the average consumer that could find many ways to improve the mobile phone. The outcome to this research has born the smartphone. Previously, these smartphones has provided instant access to communication entertainment, internet access, news, calendar, social media, and etc. These smartphones has effect a radical change in the path of modern technology. In 2007, Apple began to be the biggest smartphone to be released. To be the most popular smartphone many companies attempt to imitate the unbeatable features. Although, when technology is involved Google has been coping to keep up with the Iphone to advance the Android software. Partly, Google's android software has become the dominant smartphone that's not manufactured by Apple. For this reason, Android phones are just great as an IPhones. The similarities and differences of between Apple's phones and Android phones. The similarity between the Iphone and Androids phones is the shape of the phone. For example, most of the models has a similar shape like the Iphone by its rectangular and rounded corners shape. Nowadays, you might have seen many of theses Android phones such as, Samsungs and HTC Evo that has the exact shape. Iphone and Android phones has been noticed for their touch screens. Even though there was many disputes about who had the original design structure but the companies continue to manufacture the use of the basic structure for their smartphone. Also, Android and Iphone has authorize an 3G, 4G, and Wifi connection. Most of the modern smartphones has similar downloadable applications and app store. For example, they both have similar notification center, allowing users to view their log of missed calls, text messages, and other notification from the apps. Furthermore, Android and Iphones aren't able to last a day without it being charged but when Apple had invented Iphone 5, they made it convenient for the phone to function up to 3 days without charging it even if you have many apps installed, despite of other phones which can only last for 8 hours. Regards to the two smartphones has shown a way to navigate and search for places to locate your destination. Whoever, you choose either of them will give you the best quality of GPS and navigators. However, both of the smartphones has different type of ways of how it's functioned. The Iphones provide more apps than android phones. Iphones has outreach Android by thousands of apps, more updated, and faster when talking about the speed usage of the apps. For example, the apps on the IPhone has greater quality than the Android. Moreover, IPhone apps doesn't crash as often as an Android. For example, since I been using the IPhone 6S Plus, their have been no crash that I know. Although, when I had the LG 10 before I started having issues with my apps having crashes so, I felt it was normal thing. Although, Androids given users to download whatever apps from any source. Also, Androids apps storage is less precise to software developer. Their software display are way to different. For example, the Androids are known for giving their user a way to customize the theme of the phone keyboard meanwhile IPhone are known for the simple display and easy to use. Android phones have more carrier than Iphones so, it makes them easier to find and it has many phones to choose from. Moreover, Androids has larger screens than Iphone. For example, the Galaxy note has a 5.3†³ screen although the Iphone has 3.5†³ screen. Even though some android phones have bigger screen it could be sometime difficult to use because of how big the screen is fabricated. IPhone are easy to be hold in one hand, in any size you choose. The App Store are more organized than the Play Store. Over the years, Play Store has surely improved by making it easy to navigate but Apple's App Store has made it more favorable. The Apple Store is more straightforward by categories and popular on charts, even the Play Store. However, people will have their personal opinion of how they feel difference between the App Store and the Play Store. iPhones has more paid apps than the Android, but they also have shorter ads. The Apple's apps are free and paid than a Android. Although, Apple's users will be considering to spend money on apps than Google's users. This shows that the apps for IPhone are less filled with ads. For example, the new iPhone XS Max has adjusted to pay some money for a few of the apps for free than on an Android. In conclusion, the IPhone and Android seem to be similar but has many different ways seen between the two smartphone. Both smartphones has lure different crowd of people based on what they believe should be on a smartphone, either they choose an IPhone simple display and high quality apps or Android customize and many variety of apps. The smartphone has developed for many years, which will continue to buy smartphone that people prefer. This will lead to new features, screens, more capacity, and more evolution of the smartphone. Eventually, the development of the smartphone will bring more advancement to modern technology.

Alcohol and Its Effects on Children

Andrelea Foerster Marriage & Family Dr. Ekechukwu 4/12/13 The Impact on Children of Alcoholic Parents The significant and detrimental impact on family life and child development caused by parental alcohol use cannot be underestimated, often putting children in danger. Alcohol use and disorders are a major public health problem. Alcohol abuse in poor and deprived communities is particularly deleterious as the scarce financial resources of the family needed for food, health care, and education are diverted to alcohol. Pinto, Violet) It rarely exists in isolation as a problem and is commonly intertwined with mental health, bereavement, family breakdown or domestic violence. Children are impacted in a number of different ways: parental alcoholism affects them financially; it affects their home environment; they may be exposed to unsuitable care and care givers or inadequate supervision, poor role models and inappropriate behavior; and their physical/emotional development and school atten dance can suffer.Many children whose parents drink at a significant level can often find themselves having to take on the role of care giver, both for their siblings and their parents. Approximately 5-10% of the country's population suffers from DSM-IV alcohol abuse, and this figure appears to be growing. Alcohol use problems affect spouses and children, unfortunately, in addition to the heavy substance users themselves. A recent study estimated that one in four American children have a parent who meets criteria for DSM-IV alcohol abuse. Brennan, Patricia) It is important to understand the feelings a parent will be experiencing in relation to their alcohol use and to recognize that just because a parent may or may not have disclosed that they have an alcohol problem, it does not necessarily mean the problem is not there. In practice, most standard policies and procedures are reactive to the parent admitting they have a problem. Consequently, workers from universal services often foc us on gaining evidence and then initiating procedures, which is a difficult balance to strike as workers often have to make social services referrals when disclosures are made. If you do not know what the problem is you cannot fix it' is a good place to start. In fact, it is difficult to meaningfully help a parent before they have accepted there is a problem; you cannot force change or engagement. From both sides, this can be difficult to manage as the positivity of a parent's disclosure can be overshadowed by a reaction to the referral to children's social care. Understandably, this can cause a dilemma for the professional and a great deal of anxiety for the parent. Encouraged by the disinhibiting effects of alcohol, they find it easier to enter the world outside their family borders in search of relief and self-assertion. † (Tomori, Martina) Professionals often worry about immediate safety when a parent has a drinking problem. Because they did not have an example to follow f rom their childhood and never experienced â€Å"normal† family relationships, adult children of alcoholics and addicts may have to guess at what it means to be normal. They sometimes can't tell good role models from bad ones.Some are not comfortable around family because they don't know what to do or how to react. Many adult children of alcoholics or addicts find it difficult to give themselves a break. They do not feel adequate, and feel that they are never good enough. They may have little self-worth and low self-esteem and can develop deep feelings of inadequacy. Because they judge themselves too harshly, some adult children of alcoholics may take themselves very seriously. They can become depressed or anxious because they have never learned how to lighten up on themselves.They can get very angry with themselves when they make a mistake. Many adult children of alcoholics find it difficult to let them have fun. Perhaps because they witnessed so many holidays, vacations and other family events sabotaged by the alcoholic parent, they do not expect good things to ever happen to them. In order to have an intimate relationship, one must be willing to look to another person for interdependence, emotional attachment, or fulfillment of your needs. Because of trust issues or lack of self-esteem, adult children of addicts may not be able to let themselves do that.They don't allow themselves to get close to others. After growing up in an atmosphere where denial, lying and keeping secrets was the norm, adult children of alcoholics can develop serious trust problems. All the broken promises of the past tell them that trusting someone will backfire on them in the future and because the alcoholic parent was emotionally unavailable or perhaps physically not around, adult children of alcoholics or addicts can develop an absolute fear of being abandoned. As a consequence, they can find themselves holding on to relationships they should end just because they don't want to be alone.If their alcoholic parent was mean or abusive when they were drunk, adult children can grow up with a fear of all angry people. They may spend their lives avoiding conflict or confrontation of any kind, thinking it could turn violent. Because they constantly judge themselves too harshly, many adult children of alcoholics are constantly seeking approval from others. The can become people-pleasers who are crushed if someone is not happy with them. They can absolutely fear criticism. Many children who grow up with an addicted parent find themselves thinking they are different from other people and not good enough.Consequently, they avoid social situations and have difficulty making friends. They can tend to isolate themselves as a result. Perhaps to avoid criticism or the anger of their alcoholic parent, many children from alcoholic homes become super responsible or perfectionists. They can become overachievers or workaholics. On the other hand, they can also go in the oppo site direction, becoming very irresponsible members of society. Handling disclosure is the key to being able to start to support a parent and get them the help they need.Listen to what the parent is saying and recognize that by starting to talk about the alcohol problem they are acknowledging it exists. This is the first step and can be a very vulnerable time; parents can become distressed at this stage. The parent is usually in a very negative space and it is important that this is a positive interaction where they feel supported and have hope. If this is handled badly their defenses usually go up and they disengage. Ideally, parents should be listened to and reassured that they have done the right thing in acknowledging they have a problem and that they will be given the right support.Stay with them until they have finished saying everything they want to–they will usually indicate why drinking became a problem. End by reassuring them and explain what you are going to do to try to help them. This might involve referral to your local alcohol service, providing them with printed information or calling someone else to look after the children. It is a good idea at this stage to give them a diary sheet to keep track of what they are drinking, when and why. You can now also draw up a safety plan or contingency plan with the parent.This is important as it empowers the parent to take control of the situation, even while the problem drinking continues, and it is something they can immediately succeed at. It should prioritize the child's needs and safety, which will also help the parent deal with feelings of guilt. We have all been in a room or meeting with a parent where we have suspicions of parental alcohol use. It is really important not to ignore this, but ‘say what you see' and offer help. Don't add a judgment, an assumption or interpret; simply say to the parent what you see.Examples of this could be: ‘I smell alcohol on your breath–if you need support with that we can help' or ‘you seem unsteady on your feet, your speech seems slurred'. This is an important process for the parent even if it does not lead to a disclosure as it forces them to face some of their own denial. If this is not done they may convince themselves everything is fine. Fundamental to working with parents is accepting that it takes time to change. Goals need to be pragmatic, realistic and timely, with a focus on finding solutions rather than obstacles.Sometimes you have to accept that it may only be possible to put a simple routine in place and that the parent will need support with anything that needs longer-term planning. A useful tool is a basic wall chart, which does actually need to go on the wall so it can be checked. The chart should outline tasks to be completed each day. Allocate a specific day for household tasks; for example, laundry on Mondays and food shopping on Tuesdays. This is useful as it enables the parent to have some basic structure to their time.They can also tick things off as they are completed, which will increase their confidence and make day-to-day life seem more manageable. It is also not reliant on the problem behavior changing immediately. Things often get worse before they get better–be prepared initially for the parent to deteriorate before they improve. It is a process and parents need to learn new coping mechanisms; support networks can help. Think about things that can be changed and what can be put in place to support parents and their children through the period of change.Accepting and anticipating a realistic timetable is crucial. For example, when a child has had little or no supervision and a parent then starts to put boundaries in place the child will react negatively, especially if the parent is still drinking. Putting this part of the program in place will increase parents' stress levels and could result in further drinking and disengagement with services. Therefore, think about support plans you might need for both parent and child. If the parent is still drinking they will find it difficult to maintain the changes.The situation could be handled by addressing the drinking first and ensuring the parent is engaged with an alcohol service that can provide relapse prevention support. Next, introduce intensive parenting support so the family has the maximum chance of benefiting from the intervention and maintaining the changes by using this support network to protect the family against wobbles. Think about the family as a system and look at what works well within it and ways other areas can be improved. This needs reviewing constantly, as if one factor changes the family dynamics will change.For example, if a parent's alcohol consumption changes, the family system will change and these periods of adjustment are stressful for all involved. Sometimes you have to accept that the parent's alcohol abuse might not improve immediately. However, the situat ion may change and, importantly, things may improve for the child over time–don't give up. Children will record their parent's actions at their worst. When Mom and Dad are most out of control, they are the most threatening to the child's survival. The child's survival alarm registers these behaviors the most deeply creating shame.Any subsequent shame experience, which even vaguely resembles that past trauma, can easily trigger the words and scenes of said trauma. What are then recorded are the new experience and the old. Over time an accumulation of shame scenes are attached together. Each new scene potentates the old, sort of like a snowball rolling down a hill, getting larger and larger as it picks up snow. As the years go on, very little is needed to trigger these collages of shame memories. Shame as an emotion has now become frozen and embedded into the core of the person's identity.Children of alcoholics grow up trying to control their parents drinking by hiding or throw ing away the alcohol. Then they try the use of guilt control – (If you really love me you'll stop), or (You care more about that bottle than you care about me). They don't realize that you cannot control or reason with a disease. Some try to cure the disease by being the perfect child; by keeping perfect grades, always being good, being responsible and trying to cure the illness, while keeping the path smooth for the drinker.To an outsider looking in, they are the perfect child. The truth of the matter is they are. People just don't see the whole picture. Other children may choose to be the scapegoat, the one in trouble all the time. They are the family's way of not looking at what's really happening. Then there are those who become the class clown, making everyone laugh and all the while knowing that life is not really that funny. And then there is that little child off in the corner; the withdrawn child who never gives anyone any trouble and feels like he/she is invisible.A ll of these children look like a child, dress like a child, to some degree they behave like a child, but they sure as hell don't feel like a child. Children of alcoholics grow up and become adults quickly. But underneath the mask of adult behavior there is a child who was neglected. This needy child is insatiable. What that means is that when the child becomes an adult, there is a hole in his/her soul. They can never get enough as an adult. An adult child can't get enough because it's really a child's needs that are in question.Growing up and not having your needs met as a child creates many scars; co-dependency being one of the most serious. Much has been written about co-dependency. All agree that it is about the loss of selfhood. Co-dependency is a condition wherein one has no inner life. Happiness is on the outside. Good feelings and self-validation lie on the outside. Children of alcoholics, learn to be care takers or rescuers early in life. They've developed a mechanism that h elped in coping with fear, pain, insecurity and growing up in an abusive alcoholic family.Usually this is how the child copes with not being able to get their own needs met. â€Å"Self-confidence and readiness to accept different, sometimes negative views and responses of others, coupled with the ability to cope with occasional refusals or failures, are the key characteristics that help adolescents adopt healthy patterns of social behavior. † (Tomari, Martina) But later in life, as an adult, those well learned habits imprison them in frustrating, painful, co-dependent relationships, at home and at work.Some of the most common side effects are guilt; the child may see himself or herself as the main cause of the mother's or father's drinking. Another is anxiety; the child may worry constantly about the situation at home. He or she may fear the alcoholic parent will become sick or injured, and may also fear fights and violence between the parents. Then the embarrassment; parents may give the child the message that there is a terrible secret at home. The ashamed child does not invite friends home and is afraid to ask anyone for help.Then comes confusion; the alcoholic parent will change suddenly from being lovey to angry, regardless of the child's behavior. A regular daily schedule, which is very important for a child, does not exist because bedtimes and mealtimes are constantly changing. And then the anger; the child feels anger at the alcoholic parent for drinking, and may be angry at the non-alcoholic parent for lack of support and protection. Inability to have close relationships because the child has been disappointed by the drinking parent many times, he or she often does not trust others.Although the child tries to keep the alcoholism a secret, teachers, relatives, other adults, or friends may sense that something is wrong. Child and adolescent psychiatrists advise that the following behaviors may signal a drinking or other problem at home. Failure i n school, lack of friends, withdrawal from classmates, delinquent behavior, such as stealing or violence, frequent physical complaints, such as headaches or stomachaches, abuse of drugs or alcohol, aggression towards other children, risk taking behaviors, depression and suicidal thoughts.Some children of alcoholics may act like responsible â€Å"parents† within the family and among friends. They may cope with the alcoholism by becoming successful â€Å"over achievers† throughout school, and at the same time be emotionally isolated from other children and teachers. Their emotional problems may show only when they become adults, but in fact they have been â€Å"adult children† their whole lives. â€Å"Adult Child† carries a double meaning: the adult who is trapped in the fears and reactions of a child, and the child who was forced to be an adult without going through the natural stages that would result in a healthy adult.When the adult child of a dysfuncti onal family begins to enter the â€Å"real world† schools and the workplace they discover their family system is not the reality shared by their classmates and co-workers. Many adult children become loners or form tight, unhealthy relationships with other children of dysfunctional homes. These relationships actually re-enforce their dysfunctional view of the world by â€Å"finding another person who really understands. † The tightness of the bonds created in these relationships is accented by the child's lack of an individual sense of identity.They do not yet know where they stop and someone else begins. As a result they are unable to define their limits and begin to take on other people's opinions, defects and needs. If the adult child is able to form lasting friendships (some never do), it is usually with other adult children who provide familiar characteristics similar to the family's dysfunction. Adult children can be very slow to recognize the patterns of family p roblems. They spent their lives being trained by the family to not see the problem, even when they are re-created in friendships, marriages and work relationships.Whether or not their parents are receiving treatment for alcoholism, these children and adolescents can benefit from educational programs and mutual-help groups such as programs for children of alcoholics, Al-Anon, and Alateen. Early professional help is also important in preventing more serious problems for the child, including alcoholism. Studies from the US and Australia have shown that easy local alcohol access is associated with adolescent alcohol consumption and alcohol abuse. Dale, Richard) Child and adolescent psychiatrists help these children with the child's own problems, and also help the child to understand they are not responsible for the drinking problems of their parents. The treatment program may include group therapy with other youngsters, which reduces the isolation of being a child of an alcoholic. The c hild and adolescent psychiatrist will often work with the entire family, particularly when the alcoholic parent has stopped drinking, to help them develop healthier ways of relating to one another.One very successful form of recovery for adult children involves acknowledging the existence of an inner child. The child, who was small, lost and without hope never really went away, but froze. Recovering adult children can find that inner child and resume the process of nurturing to allow him/her to complete the job of growing into a healthy adult. Many counselors, therapists and psychologists have been valuable to many adult children in the process of recovery. Growing up in an alcoholic family is certainly traumatic, and it seems there are no positive aspects involved.The fact of the matter is these children will be scarred for life and most likely need some kind of counseling in the future depending on the severity of the abuse. Too many children in America have lived through this dre adful lifestyle. Alcohol simply should never be abused, neither should the children. One misconception that many alcoholics and addicts seem to have is that their drinking or substance abuse is not affecting anyone else. Many times they will make statements like, â€Å"I'm not hurting anyone but myself! † Unfortunately, there is a great deal of research and a vast amount of anecdotal evidence that this is simply not the case. Hurt people . . . hurt people. † The behavior of addicts and alcoholics can affect everyone around them, including family, friends, employers and coworkers. Perhaps those most vulnerable to the effects of alcoholism or addiction are their children. If you have a drinking or a drug abuse problem and you have children in your home, they are being affected, sometimes so profoundly that the effects last their entire lifetimes. Children of alcoholics and addicts can have deep-seated psychological and emotional reactions to growing up with an addicted pa rent. Emergent from an alcoholic family is harrowing.In these homes, children experience a daily environment of inconsistency, chaos, fear, abandonment, denial, and real or potential violence. Survival becomes a full-time job. While most of us know that alcoholism is a disease, too few recognize it as a family disease, which may emotionally, spiritually and often physically, affect not only the alcoholic but each member of the family. Little emotional energy remains to consistently fulfill the many needs of children who become victims of the family illness. For many years, professional psychologists were barely aware of the vast pool of suffering of the family of alcoholics.They concentrated on healing the alcoholic and felt that it solved the problems of the family as well. Today they realize that the whole family suffers this sickness and all must be made well. By looking at what it is like to live in an alcoholic's home, the side effects, and how to cope with the problem there is conclusive evidence to see how the disease negatively affects the children. Dale, Richard A. , et al. â€Å"Alcohol environment, gender and nonfatal injuries in young people. An ecological study of fourteen Swedish municipalities (2000-2005). †Ã‚  Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy  7 (2012): 36.Academic OneFile. Web. 18 Apr. 2013. http://proxy01. nwacc. edu:2076/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA307422823&v=2. 1&u=nwestakcc&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w Tomori, Martina. â€Å"Personality characteristics of adolescents with alcoholic parents. †Ã‚  Adolescence  29. 116 (1994): 949+. Academic OneFile. Web. 18 Apr. 2013. http://proxy01. nwacc. edu:2076/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA16477257&v=2. 1&u=nwestakcc&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w Brennan, Patricia A. , Emily R. Grekin, and Constance Hammen. â€Å"Parental alcohol use disorders and child delinquency: the mediating effects of executive functioning and chronic family stress *.   Journal of Studies on Alcohol  Jan. 2005: 14+. Academic OneF ile. Web. 18 Apr. 2013. http://proxy01. nwacc. edu:2076/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA132050571;v=2. 1;u=nwestakcc;it=r;p=AONE;sw=w Pinto, Violet, and Rajan Kulkarni. â€Å"A Case Control Study on School Dropouts in Children of Alcohol-Dependent Males Versus that in Abstainers/Social Drinkers' Children. †Ã‚  Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care  1. 2 (2012): 92. Academic OneFile. Web. 18 Apr. 2013. http://go. galegroup. com/ps/i. do? id=GALE%7CA313826180;v=2. 1;u=nwestakcc;it=r;p=AONE;sw=w

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Finance- Israel Stock Exchange - Essay Example Globes, Israel Business Arena is one of the leading business publications in Israel. This article reports on a the Deloitte 2010 Global Venture Capital Survey, carried out in conjunction with venture capital associations around the world. The headline captures the negative results of the survey and the bad news for the Israeli stock market. The survey found that the majority of venture capital firms were looking first and foremost to increase their foreign investment in China (27%) and then India (14%). The article does not contain the precise numbers for Israel but notes that interest has fallen since 2009. Commenting on the results, Igal Brightman CPA, chairman and CEO of Deloitte Brightman Almagor Zohar & Co.and managing partner of the TMT group in Deloitte, said, "The migration of venture capital eastward indicates that the global high-tech industry is seeking new growth opportunities. The main indicators in the Israeli economy, among them accession to the OECD, the fall in the shekel-dollar exchange rate and the rise in salary levels, make Israel less attractive in comparison with the alternatives." This is very bad news for the Israeli economy as foreign venture capital investment, particularly in the hi-tech sector has been a key engine of growth in the Israeli economy and stock market in the past. Daniel, Robert, (November 8, 2010) â€Å"Market Watch: Israel stocks fall; gas firms hit by tax reports†. The Wall Street Journal Digital Network. Web. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/israel-stocks-fall-tax-reports-hit-gas-firms-2010-11-08. This article reports on a slight decline in the Israeli stock market on Monday, November 8, 2010. However, more substantively it identifies factors underlying the drop in, and poor prospects for the future in the natural gas sector and the telecom sector. The article reports that the Israeli government is considering a new financial arrangements with natural gas producers. â€Å"A government committee is planning to

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Stability analysis using GUI in MATLAB (Electronic Engineering) Project Proposal - Essay Example Initially it is essential to examine the theoretical basis for the concept of stability in order to identify the various conditions which characterize a stable system. After determining the stability conditions, the Graphical User Interface Development Environment (GUIDE) module of MATLAB will be studied to examine the process of developing a Graphical User Interface for a MATLAB application which determines the stability of a given system. The BIBO (Bounded Input Bounded Output) concept of stability states that if a bounded input to the system produces a bounded output, then the system is stable (Ogata. K. 1997). It is important to determine the physical significance of stability both in the time domain and in the frequency domain. In the time domain, for continuous functions to be BIBO stable, an integral of their impulse response should exist. Similarly for discrete functions in the time domain, we should be able to sum up the impulse responses of the discrete function (Ogata. K. 1995). To determine stability in the frequency domain, we consider the Laplace transform (used for converting continous functions from time domain to frequency domain and vice versa) for the continous signals and Z transform (used for converting discrete functions from time domain to frequency domain and vice versa) for the discrete signals. If the region of convergence of the Laplace transform includes the imaginary axis, then the system i s stable (Ogata. K. 1995). The physical significance of this statement is that all poles of the system should on the left of the origin (as we are dealing only with causal systems). If the region of convergence Z transform includes the unit circle then the system is stable. A system is stable if and only if all its poles are lying within the unit circle. The transfer function is an illustration of the relationship between the input to a system and the output of the system (Ogata. K. 1997). It accurately represents a system which is time invariant

Innovation, Ethics and Sustainability in Engineering Research Paper

Innovation, Ethics and Sustainability in Engineering - Research Paper Example Since engineers are able to do several works, it means that they are able to use numerous materials in a bid to meet their objectives. However, it is of paramount significance to note that the materials that the engineers use are important because without them, they would not be able to accomplish their missions. This means that it is vital to exercise innovation, ethics and sustainability in engineering because without this, development will come to standstill. Introduction Engineering is very diverse because the people who work in the field have the responsibility of doing several essential things. Engineers have the opportunity to do several things, which are: production of food, ensuring quality supply of water, provision of houses, waste management and sanitation, development of energy, building of roads. In addition, they have the right to ensure that there is adequate industrial processing, development of natural resources and ensuring that waste sites are cleaned up. Moreover , they ensure that natural disasters are prevented by discovering and preventing them, reducing natural disasters by restoring rivers, forests, wetlands among others, provision of better industrial processes that will reduce consumption of energy as well as waste production and providing appropriate technology that will increase production of the things that area needed in the society (Pollan, 2007). This shows that engineers are very important in the society because they ensure that life runs smoothly for all the people (Small, 2007). Innovation ensures that engineers are able to come up with ways that will best utilize the available materials. It is of paramount importance to note that materials, when misused, will be depleted and, as a result, the engineers will have nothing to use in their activities. This is the reason why innovation is important for it ensures that new methods of production are implemented which will ensure that sustainability is achieved (Small, 2007). On the other hand, ethics is very important because it guarantees that all laid down rules are followed to the latter. It would be useless to set rules that are not followed by the people whom the rules are meant for. However, sustainability requires engineers to be fully aware of the rules that ought to be followed in their profession. Sustainability cannot be achieved if the professionals do not follow the ethical standards set. However, all that needs to be done, in order to ensure that sustainability is achieved, is just to follow the set ethical standards (Pollan, 2007). Literature review Sustainability involves adhering to three factors which are: social equity, ecological health and economic welfare. Between 1992 and 2002, many accomplishments were achieved in the engineering sector. The World Engineering Partnership for Sustainable Development (WEPSD) was formed with the sole purpose of ensuring that all engineers across the world follow ethical standards that ensure that material s are used sustainably. It is extremely important to note that all engineers across the globe understand that it is unethical to misuse the materials that are provided because there is always a tomorrow (Pollan, 2007). Sustainability does not focus on the needs of the current generations but puts more emphasis on the generations to come. This means that the people have to be responsible for anything that they do because otherwise, they

Belief, Doubt and Synthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Belief, Doubt and Synthesis - Essay Example A good writer knows how long to illustrate a scene. For instance, when reading a novel, a reader should be stabbed by suspense on every page as he waits for the characters and the story to unfold, but does not rush because he knows each sentence is a journey and he never wish to miss a single word. Moreover, this reader can answer all questions and have an opinion concerning each character. A good writer for example, can develop characters that a reader can really hate, such as Jane Austen. Good writings like novels one wants to read repeatedly, particularly the ones you read for the first time but go back to the first page as soon as you finish. When there is no rule of what someone speak or thinks, writing becomes perfect and easy. When an individual talks freely, he is likely to put his speech in writing, and this pushes him to practice regularly. Consequently, he becomes a better writer than he was before since he sharpens his skills, he becomes more confident, and enjoys writing . Sometimes, when we talk to others, their ideas leave more thoughts on the choice of a subject to be written about. Writing entails use of language to bring out the ideas. We read the responses of others and understand what they mean with language, and always, we â€Å"speak† to ourselves internally when processing these ideas and come up with logical conclusions. I believe that rational thinking inevitably involves definite degree of language use, meaning that thought is absolutely determined by language. According to Fisher 99, in writing our affirmations and what we think is right, and put all our attention on paper, we probably notice some form of internal resistance pop ping up. When u write what you tell yourself on deep levels, you encourage your react to what people think is right or wrong. With time, you read what is written and this helps you to create your present reality. It is necessary that we write our affirmations to find a solution and release it from your consciousness. This gives you freedom and power to feel literally wonderful instead of limiting yourself to other peop le’s myths and thoughts. Writing also helps us remember some things in cases where we have a lot going through our minds. Doubt Doubt is often created by the lack of any sort of complete reality, which could serve as an undeniable stating point on which knowledge could be developed. It is a status between believing and not believing in something, involving a motive, an action, or a decision made by an individual. By systematically doubting something, we know about ourselves and those around us. Today, I got a feedback that tested if I trust my senses. At about noon, my friend and I were shopping at a nearby local mall. We had not had breakfast and so we opted to look for a place to have lunch. Walking down the mall into one of the supermarket, I noticed at a distance a very pleasant display of some Japanese meals on sale. My mouth began watering instantly since I was quite hungry. We agreed on eating at the mall, though it was a bit crowded (McGrath 43). My friend suggested t hat the

Quals Direct Knowledge Task Essay Example for Free

Quals Direct Knowledge Task Essay 1.1 Define the following types of abuse: • Physical abuse is defined as the use of physical force that may result in bodily injury Sexual abuse is any sort of non-consensual contact Emotional/Psychological abuse is a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that may result in psychological trauma. Playing mind games, shouting and threatening behavior. Financial abuse telling you what you can and connot buy or requiring you to share or take control of your bank account and with holding monies from you. Institutional abuse is the mistreatment, neglect or inadequate care and support of adults in groups. Self neglect is failure of one adult to take care of himself or herself. Neglect by others ignoring the persons medical or physical care needs, Deliberate and unnecessary deprivation of a resource to the service user. Your assessor is happy with your answer to the above question. Good answer 1.2 Identify the signs/or symptoms associated with each type of abuse. physical abuse bruises withfound in different states of healing, small clusters indicating finger marks, friction burns from carpets, injuries inconsistent with explanation, reluctance to seek medical help Sexual abuse bruises and bleeding round the rectal and vaginal areas, stained or torn underclothes or night wear, love bites, overt sexual behavior or language not previously used or conversely fear of any type of physical contact.  Emotion/psychological abuse symptoms of stress, on set of bed wetting, anxiety, tearfulness, low self esteem, unexplained paranoia and lack of eye contact. Financial abuse suddenly unable to pay bills or purchase necessities, unexplained withdrawals from saving Institutional abuse lack of privacy around toileting and bathing, lack of giving a choice of food, bedtime, clothing Self neglect lack of attention to personal care needs, rashes, pressure sores, dirty clothing and or wet, weight loss. Neglect by others lack of attention given to personal care needs, failure to ensure privacy and dignity, dirty clothes, rashes, being left alone for long periods of time. Your assessor is happy with your answer to the above question. 1.3 Describe factors that may contribute to an individual being more vulnerable to abuse factors may include if the individual has a mental disability such as dementia or not having the mental capacity. If the individual is secluded or isolated or vulnerable there could be factors for the abuser which could include the abuser having lack of training, also abusing their power. Sometimes personal issues have a part to play which could include the carer/abuser being stressed or having a history of abuse and continuing the cycle. The factors include if one has low self esteem or self worth. if they have had abuse before, nobody to protect them, and the mentally ill. Other factors could be they may not be aware of their rights, may not be able to express themselves clearly. their home may unsuitable with no aids or adaptations to help give appropriate care. Your assessor is happy with your answer to the above question. Outcome 2 know how to respond to suspected or alleged abuse 2.1 Explain the actions to take if there are suspicions that an individual is being abused. Always report suspected or alleged abuse to the appropriate person(s), record the facts on appropriate paperwork, listen do not judge, stay calm and collected, do not tamper with any evidence. Appropriate persons to report suspected or alleged abuse would be to my manager first of all, police, social workers, family(if family is not the abuser) and possibly their doctor. Your assessor is happy with your answer to the above question. Who would be the appropriate person to report to? well answered 2.2 Explain the actions to take if an individual alleges that they are being abused Always establish what it is that has occured and report any suspicions to the appropriate manager. Reassuring the individual at all times take every allegation seriously. Always date the paperwork and have it signed by any witness (if any). take photos of any evidence if possible. Speak clearly and precise and avoid any leading questions. Your assessor is happy with your answer to the above question. 2.3 Identify ways to ensure that evidence of abuse is preserved Always record facts immediately dated and signed (by any witnesses also), report any evidence immediately to line manager, do not tamper with any evidence. Taking Photos if possible, and try avoiding any leading questions that may make them think alternatively to the situation. Your assessor is happy with your answer to the above question. What other steps might you take to preserve the evidence? You have mentioned some ways in the previous question could you ple those points and a few others you can think of. Outcome 3 Understand the national and local context of safeguarding and protection from abuse 3.1 Identify national policies and local systems that relates to safeguarding and protection from abuse National policies safeguarding vulnerable groups act 2006, the vetting and barring scheme run by the Independent Safeguarding Authority (ISA), Criminal Records Bureau, Human rights act 1998. Local Systems Safeguarding Adults Boards, Safeguarding policies and procedures for vulnerable adults. Data Protection Act 1998 Care standards Act 2000 Health and social care act 2008 The Equality Act 2010 No secrets, Department of Health 2000 Your assessor is happy with your answer to the above question. Amanda I can clearly see you get this question however The Police and CQC are not national polices or or local systems. This facts question fully http://www.ageuk.org.uk/Documents/EN-GB/Factsheets/FS78_Safeguarding_older_people_from_abuse_fcs.pdf?eps 3.2 Explain the roles of different agencies in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse The police their role is to safeguard vulnerable adults, investigate all reports of vulnerable adult abuse and protect and  uphold the rights of vulnerable adults. The CQC to monitor and provide guidance on what all health and social care providers must do to safeguard vulnerable adults from abuse, the safeguarding policies, procedures and systems developed are in place to prevent vulnerable adults from being abused. Social services Their role is to build managing safeguarding risks and benefits in care planning, review care plans, identify and respond to any concerns, lead and support enquiries in in the events of any abuse or neglect. Clinicians Report incidents of abuse neglect or undignified treatment, follow up referrals, consult patients taking responsibility for ongoing care, lead and support enquiries where there is need for clinical input. Health care provider Show leadership and routinely monitor activity, meet the required service quality standards, train staff in safeguarding procedures, investigate and respond effectively, take disciplinary action against staff who have abused or neglected people in their care. Social care and health commissioners Build safeguarding into commissioning strategies and service contracts, review and monitor services regulary, intervenewhere services fall below fundamental standards or abuse is taking place. Your assessor is happy with your answer to the above question. This leaflet will help you answer this question fully http://www.pasauk.org.uk/upload/public/featurebox/Safeguarding%20Adults.%20Roles%20and%20responsibilities%20in%20hea 3.3 Identify reports into serious failures to protect individuals from abuse A report about Orchid View care home in West Sussex that failed to ensure that the vulnerable adults were adequately protected from risks, including the risks of unsafe practice by its own staff. it was revealed that residents at Orchid View care home in Copthorne, west Sussex, were given  wrong doses of medication, left soiled and unattended because of a lack of staff and suffered because of serious failures in the homes management. There was institutional abuse throughout the home which lead to the deaths of 5 residents. After an investigation the CQC found it had failed to meet eight of it essential quality and safety standards. The inquest heard that Jean Halfpenny, 77, was given an overdose of blood-thinning drug warfarin while at Orchid View, Which had failed to monitor and administer her medication properly. One of the staff at the care home said she was asked to shred forms after Halfpenny had been admitted to hospital for bleeding. The coroner heard that the Orchid View manager Meera Reed, looked at the medication administration record (MAR) brought into the office by a nurse and said We cant send her to hospital wit those. they will shut us down. Five people were arrested, including some on suspicion of manslaughter by gross negligence in relation to Halfpennys death, but insufficient evidence existed to support a prosecution and the case was passed to a coroner. Your assessor is happy with your answer to the above question. Some good research has gonr into the answer for this question 3.4 Identify sources of information and advice about own role in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse My manager, colleagues My companies policies and procedures Local authority services department like social services The internet Care Quality Commission Books Independent Safeguarding Authority health and social care act 2015 Your assessor is happy with your answer to the above question. The 2015 Care Act perhaps? well answered Amanda Outcome 4 Understand ways to reduce the likelihood of abuse 4.1 Explain how the likelihood of abuse may be reduced by: • Working with person centred values • Encouraging ac choice and rights Person centred values include the individuality of the person, the rights of the individual, choice, privacy, independence, dignity, and the individual being respected. If person centred values are taken into consideration when supporting an individual there is less likely to be abuse as all the staff will be working in the same way. If a person is considered to have a say in what he or she wants and is at the centre of any decision, it will be more unlikely that there is abuse. I always put the service users i work with at the centre of any decision about them and they are an active partner in their own care. service user decide what to do, shower, wash or bath, what clothes they want to wear and are treated with dignity, respect, confidentiality and are able to make their own choices. Active participation is a way of working that recognises an individuals right to participate in the activities and relationships of everyday life as independently as possible. So if the individual participates actively in their daily activities, then the risk of abuse is low. For example I would prompt the service user to pick out what clothes they would like to wear, what meals they would like and encourage them to take part in preparing and cooking the meal the way they like it. Individuals are supported to make their choices in anything they want, like food or drink, what to wear, whether they want a bath, shower,, or wash. No individual will choose something that will hurt them self therefore abuse is reduced to the minimum. Individuals rights are promoted throughout the service, service user have the right to as they wish to do and if its what they want as long as it is not dangerous, a risk assesment will then be done to stop any abuse happening. I ensure that i promote service users rights and choices by allowing them to make their own choices and support them to have the same rights of anyone else. Your assessor is happy with your answer to the above question. Excellent answer 4 .2 Explain the importance of an accessible complaints procedure for reducing the likelihood of abuse The complaints procedure gives the complainant the right to be heard and supported to make their views known. an accessible complaints procedure is understandable and easy to use. It sets out clearly how to make a complaint, the steps that will be taken when the complaint is looked into. An accessible complaints procedure resolves complaints more quickly as the complainant feels that they are being listened to and their complaint is is taken seriously. Making sure that abuse will not be tolerated in any form and encourages the complainant to not accept this. If a staff member is being abused, it would be reported to the line manager as an informal grievance, employees should aim to resolve most grievences informally with their line manager and are therefor encouraged to discuss all matters openly as they occur. If the grievance cannot be settled informally then it should be raised through the formal procedure of a grievance. Formal Grievance should be raised with their line manager or next level of management if grievance is related to the line manager, in writing, at the earliest time. the manager will organise a meeting within 5 working days, Employees will be allowed to explain their complaint,and suggest a way it should be settled. meeting could be ajourned if the manager feels they need further advice. the manager will give full consideration to the complaint and confirm the outcome in writing. Your assessor is happy with your answer to the above question. You have looked at this question from the perspective of the client. How about the staff who may be getting abused please include colleagues in this answer Outcome 5 Know how to recognise and report unsafe practices 5.1 Describe unsafe practices that may affect the well being of individuals Unsanitary conditions can spread infection as cross-contamination can occur and can affect the well being of the individual and others. examples of these unsanity conditions can be dirty kitchen work surfaces and equipment, improper hand washing, not covering hair when cooking can pose a risk, as can not reporting faulty equipment when working or not, having cleaning materials can also be unsafe. Not having risk assessments in place when a service user hurts themselves, Staff not checking when service user is ill or unsteady on their feet. Staff not recording in the care plan any issues if a services is unwell or unable to support themselves as much, not monitoring their wellbeing. Other unsafe practice that can amount to abuse is leaving a service user on the toilet too long, ignoring or not listening to them.  Marks on the body not taken seriously and not listening to complaints can put them at more danger, harm and risk of abuse. staff that are untrained or have out of date training, unsanitary uniforms can spread infection to clients and other colleagues, Management giving their colleague/s a large work load, making them exhausted and having a lack of concentration. Your assessor is happy with your answer to the above question. You have looked at this question from the perspective of the client. How about the staff who may be getting abused please include colleagues in this answer 5.2 Explain the actions to take if unsafe practices have been identified If I identify unsafe practice then I must follow the whistle blowing procedure and report to the appropriate person. I will report to my manager immediately or if it involves my manager then I would report it to another appropriate person. I will monitor all unsafe practices and make sure that I record and report in full all the evidence, then I will talk to my manager as I am aware all unsafe practices are dangerous that could cause harm. Your assessor is happy with your answer to the above question. 5.3 Describe the action to take if suspected abuse or unsafe practices have been reported but nothing has been done If suspected abuse or unsafe practices have been reported but nothing has been done in response or if it has to do with my manager then I would report it to the next level or manager. Then I would report to the social worker and safeguarding team and to the care quality commission and even the police depending on the response i get. Your assessor is happy with your answer to the above question.

The Mid Autumn Moon Festival Theology Religion Essay

The Mid Autumn Moon Festival Theology Religion Essay China is among the well known countries in the world for a variety of desirable tradition of folk art and traditional festivals (Morrissey Lee, 2006). The culture of the country is filled with unique symbols which are widely enjoyed by Chinese people and people in other countries who had cultural exchange with China. According to Morrissey and Lee (2006), the festivals are not only celebrated by Chinese people but also celebrated by people in other countries such as in Asia who share Chinese culture. This paper seeks to identify and discuss some of important festivals which are important to Chinese tradition. The second part of the study will compare the Chinese festivals with Indonesian festivals. Chinese Festivals As acknowledged in the introduction, China enjoys a variety of festivals; each of the festival has a unique meaning to the Chinese people and people who share Chinese culture. One of the widely celebrated festivals in China is Mid-Autumn Moon Festival known as Zhongqiu Jie in Chinese language (Morrissey Lee, 2006). This festival is used to mark the appearance of new moon in every mid-September. That is the same time when Chinese people celebrate good harvests of that year. During this time moon appears near the horizon which makes it appear bigger and round than usual. People spare their time and join their families and loved ones to watch the new moon (Morrissey Lee, 2006). The Mid-Autumn Moon Festival in other words the Moon Festival is a special event in China observed to honor female goddess of the moon called the Chang E (Morrissey Lee, 2006). The festival honors the female goddess of the moon, the females or the women in the families are the ones supposed to prepare for the celebrations. Morrissey and Lee (2006) points out that, the women hung moon papers on doors which are posters made of bamboo. The posters are called Yueguang maer in Chinese local language. The bamboo posters are split into three parts including a picture of Chang E at the top, moon goddess at the center of the poster and a picture of Jade Rabbit believed to live in the moon (Pan Tang, 2004). During the Mid-Autumn Moon Festival Chinese people and those who share Chinese culture buy rabbit sculptures and statutes for their families and loved ones at home (Morrissey Lee, 2006). As a sign of gratitude and sharing of joy, many kinds of offerings and special foods are prepared to mark the Moon-Autumn festival. During that festival celebration, women prepare Yue Bing which is a round moon-cake (Morrissey Lee, 2006). The cake is decorated with different sweet filings including walnuts pastes, dates pastes, and mashed beans to make the cake as sweet as possible for the people. According to Morrissey and Lee (2006), the moon cakes are very popular especially in the southern China. Other ingredients such as coconut, lotus seed paste and egg Yolk are put at the center of the cake to symbolize the moon. The cakes are usually eaten the same night when the moon appears in the horizon as people celebrate (Pan Tang, 2004). The other equally significant Chinese festival is the Dragon Boat Festival called Duanwu Jie in Chinese local language. This festival started approximately two centuries ago in southern China. It is used to honor the dragon god believed to control rivers and rainfall in China. During this festival, people pray through Dragon god for the rain to feed their rice plants (Morrissey Lee, 2006). The Dragon Boat Festival in China has not been forgotten to date; the festival is currently an exiting event across the country and is used to celebrate the beginning of summer in the country. To mark this festival, people parade in rivers with their boats where they organize boat contests or race to entertain people (Morrissey Lee, 2006). During that day people also prepare different special meals. The Dragon Boat Festival is celebrated on every fifth day of the fifth moon which mostly happens on the 21st day of June every year (Morrissey and Lee, 2006). This festival is also used in remembrance of QuYuan who was a very famous Chinese patriotic poet. The boats used in the competition in the lakes and rivers are usually made taking the shape of a dragon. The capacity of the boats is approximately 80 people (rowers) (Morrissey and Lee, 2006). The rowers paddle as drums are played to make the event as entertaining as possible. According to Chinese customs, the dragon day or the fifth day of the fifth moon is a very dangerous time. The day is associated with evil. The dragon races are therefore meant to protect people from such evil. At the end of the competition, those who were participating in the race are supposed to throw offerings into the river and lakes. That is believed to drown all the evils thus making people secure (Chambers, 2004). Before people live for the celebration, they tie different crops such as sweet-flag, garlic and mugwort on their front doors to protect their loved ones from evil. During the dragon boat festival people also carry xiang bao which are sachets with sweet-smelling flowers and herbs to guard themselves from the evil. Another very important festival in China is the Clear Brightness known s as Qing ming Jie in Chinese local language. That day which is also called the Tomb Sweeping Day is used to mark the beginning of spring and the end of winter. The festival mostly occurs on the 4th, 5th, or 6th day of April each year (Chambers, 2004). To mark this day, Chinese people and those who share Chinese custom take time to remember their common ancestors and loved ones who passed away in the previous year. They usually visit the tombs or graves where those people were buried. When visiting the graves, people are very happy making the occasion very cheerful, they usually prepare foods for the ancestors and go to clean and weed the tombs (Chambers, 2004). According to Chinese customs, the dead people are not separated from the living, the living and the dead are usually connected in many ways. The dead or the ancestors are supposed to be very much respected and not forgotten lest they harm the living. During the Clear Festival, people and relatives clean family graves, take beautiful flowers to the graves and burn paper money to please the spirit of the dead. Wine and foods are also taken to the graves as a symbol of love and concern for the ancestors and their late loved ones. Most important to note is the point that, people do not just move to gravesites together, different groups go to different sites (Pan Tang, 2004). Grandparents, aunts, uncles an cousins have their rseparate grave sites where they go during that festival. The coffins are not buried underground but left outside the tombs placed on mounds of earth commonly called the burial mounds, this Chinese traditional practice begun 1,500 years ago. Moreover, the ancestor worship in Chinese culture is a sign of respect for the dead. During such worshiping event, the ancestors are treated like living beings (Pan and Tang, 2004). The ancestors are worshiped to please them so that they do not harm the living. However, the ancestors are not believed to be as powerful as gods and therefore they cannot punish the relatives but gods can do. During the Clear Brightness Festival, the ancestors are supposed to try their best to help the living if they are requested to do so (Pan Tang, 2004). If the ancestors fail to help the living people up on request during that festival, the living abandons or ignore them implying that they no longer offer fruits, paper money or other foods to them (ancestors) (Pan Tang, 2004). In any case if the ancestors are ignored, they become external ghosts and they start loafing around in search of food. Chinese also celebrate dengjie or the Lantern Festival on the 15th day of every first month of the year. The festival is used to mark the end of a year and the beginning of a new year. The lanterns are carried in the streets during the last night of the New Year holiday (Pan Tang, 2004). Thousand of people celebrate all over the streets being hopeful of the New Year fortunes and end of the may been hardships of the just ended year. This festival began 1400 years ago in the history of China (Sievert, 2006). People carry lanterns made from all materials some made of papers, glass other of wood and in different sizes and shapes. Often such festival is mostly celebrated in the city of Harbin located far north of China. The lanterns used in the city for this festival are made of ice taken from rivers. As pointed out by Sievert (2006), the lanterns are usually painted with different Chinese symbols, historical scenes or characters while other lanterns are made in shapes of important anima ls in Chinese traditions such as dragons and crabs. The lanterns are made during the year in preparations of the festival. The lion dance also called the shi wu in Chinese local language and long wu (dragon dance) are performed to mark the Lantern Festival (Chambers, 2004). On this special day, men put on colorful lion heads to disguise themselves. The dragon to serve in this festival is made of bamboo rods with colorful cloth, 20 to 30 feet long (Chambers, 2004). The manmade dragon is then held up on poles to make it firm thus possible to be moved along the streets as people celebrate. The culture of dragon dance is not only practiced in China but also in San Francisco. Another remarkable Chinese festival is the Lunar New Year Festival locally called the Xinnian. This is celebrated each year in the history if China (Wei, 2011). It is a very cheerful day longed by many people both Chinese and who share Chinese culture. It is celebrated during the first day of first new moon. According to Chambers (2004), the event lasts for two weeks during which people share their joy with their families and friends. The 1st day of January marks the beginning of a new year in China. However, the New Year Festive follows the lunar calendar. The festive begins on the night preceding the lunar month and continuous until the 15th day of the Lantern Festival (Wei, 2011). To mark this festival, people worship different gods and spirits. People take their time during the celebration to clean their homes (Flanagan, Zhurkina Labbo, 2004). During this the New Year Festive people also clear their outstanding debts to ensure they start the New Year without debts. The elders al so distribute lucky money (Hong bao) in closed red envelops to children to make the New Year a year full of opportunities (Flanagan, Zhurkina Labbo, 2004). The young person visits their friends and businesses are closed for days to celebrate the New Year. The markets are not left out during the New Year festival, every corner of the market is filled with special foods and different decorations. As argued by Flanagan, Zhurkina and Labbo (2004), the fireworks are used to electrify that New Year holiday. Lively music, lion and dragon dances are used to entertain people during the New Year Festival. According to Wei (2011), families also decorate their doors with beautiful pictures of lucky symbols and gods. People come together to wish for the new year to be full of happiness, riches and good fortunes for their families and loved ones (Flanagan, Zhurkina Labbo, 2004). Comparison between Chinese festivals and Indonesian festivals Festival celebrations in Indonesia are mostly religion-based. The country consists of many ethnic groups including Hindu, Christians and Muslims and has varied local traditions. Nearly every month in Indonesia there is a certain festival event (Ver, 2010). Just like in China, some of the celebrations are used to mark the end of a year and a beginning of a new. The following are popular festive seasons celebrated in Indonesia in close comparison to Chinese festivals. The people of Indonesia just like does the Chinese celebrate the New Years Day. The festive day is called the Tahun Baru in Indonesian local language and it is the 1st public holiday in every year in the country (Backshall, 2003). This event is what the Chinese refer to as Xinnian. Just like in China where people welcome the New Year by celebrating in streets, in Indonesia the New Year is celebrated with fireworks, street celebrations and other kinds of celebrations (Ver, 2010). Just like Chinese people visit relatives in New Festival celebrations. People Indonesia and mostly Christians visit each other on the wake of New Year and also go to churches to wish good fortunes for the New Year. Just like Chinese celebrate QuYuan; a popular and patriotic poet on the 21st day of June, in Indonesia people mark the end of March and beginning of April by celebrating Garebeg Maulad which is a festive meant to remember the birth day of Prophet Muhammad (Vaisutis, 2007). On that day, Muslims move in big towns reciting Koran (Backshall, 2003). This celebration begins seven days before the actual event and lasts for one month. Just like people in China go to nearby lakes and rivers during the Dragon Boat Festival where they give offerings and the evils are believed to drown in the water, in Indonesia, a public holiday called Nyepi or the solar New Year is held at the spring equinox (Backshall, 2003). During that day, every business in the island and people remain silent. That was meant to prevent thwarts by evil annoyed by the previous nights activities (Lexus, 1997). It is believed that the spirit would assume there were no people in that island and will leave the island causing no harm to the people. The day before the Nyepi Festival, special people carry offerings and sacred objects and go to lakes and rivers to give offerings wishing for blessings for their people (Backshall, 2003). As discussed in the Chinese customs, any person could go to rivers and lakes, watch the dragon boat race and from there the contesters just like special people in Indonesia were supposed to give offerings believed to help in drowning evil spirit thus preventing them from harming the people (Backshall, 2003). Unlike in Chinese traditions where people are free to move up and down during Dragon Boat Festival, in Indonesia during the Nyepi Festival people have to observe some rules (Zuehlke, 2006). For instance, visitors are not allowed to move for twenty hours during that festival. They should remain in their visiting restaurants, or choose not to visit the island during Nyepi Festival celebration (Rasmussen, 2010). Just like the Chinese people celebrate Clear Brightness also known as Qing Ming Jie to remember their dead loved ones and common ancestors, in Indonesia, every fifth month of the year (May) people celebrate Waisak Day. That festival marks the birth and death of Buddha at Candi Mendut in Yogyakarta (Zuehlke, 2006). In the same way Chinese people move to graves carrying flowers and foods to remember their dead relatives and common ancestors, in Indonesia people carry flowers, candles and images of Buddha. That is meant to commemorate the Ascension of Buddha (Rasmussen, 2010). In Indonesia ancestors or the dead are connected with the living. The same traditions are present in Chinese traditions where ancestors are believed to influence the lives of the living people. The only differences are the names where in Chinese traditions the common dead people are ancestors while in Indonesia are referred to as prophets (Backshall, 2003). For instance, in Indonesia, Prophet Mohammad is believed to speak with God and return to earth with important instructions for the people (Zuehlke, 2006). The prophet thus influences the lives of the living in many ways just like ancestors in Chinese traditions are believed to influence the daily activities of the people. During Maulud Festival in which people celebrates the birth day of Prophet Mohammad, people also visit the tombs of famous religious leaders just like Chinese people would visit tombs of common ancestors. Zuehlke (2006) points out that, in Indonesia the foods prepared are not taken to graves like done in Chinese traditions, the special foods prepared during the Maulud Festival are given to people who attends the celebrations either in Mosques or in streets (Zuehlke, 2006). Rice decorated with cakes and burns are the common types of foods prepared for that festival. In the same manner the Chinese traditions observe the appearance of the new moon or Moon Festival also called the Zhongqiu Jie, Indonesian people celebrate Wesak on the day of new moon in the spring (Zuehlke, 2006). The day marks the birthday of Buddha as well as the day he passed away. People go to temples to celebrate together marking that important festival. Gongs and drums are played just like drums are played in Chinese traditions during Dragon Boat Festival. The event also involves dancing while keeping a distant from the statute of Buddha. During this event, the rich people give free food not to ancestors but to the poor people who pass by (Backshall, 2003). Conclusion A close look in the Chinese festival and the Indonesian festival shows that, while Chinese festival concentrated much on traditions and mostly on ancestral believes, the Indonesian festivals are mostly based on religions. In Indonesia most of festivals are meant to commemorate prophets inform of birthday celebrations. On the other hand the Chinese festivals are linked with marking end and beginning of seasons such new years where people meet to wish for fortunes and protections from evil. However, in the two countries, the festival celebrations use similar symbols like cakes, fireworks, and moon during the festival. The differences are possibly due to ethnic compositions of the people in the two countries where Indonesia is multi-ethnic country with Christians, Hindu and Islam who are the majority. China on the other hand comprises of majority Chinese people with widely common traditions.

Experiment On Aqueous Solutions Solution Stoichiometry Biology Essay

Experiment On Aqueous Solutions Solution Stoichiometry Biology Essay The purpose of this experiment was to study the behavior of electrolytes and non-electrolytes through measuring the conductivity of different solutions. The experiment was divided into two parts. In the first part, the conductivities of seven different solutions were examined. Those solutions were HCl, CH3COOH, NaCl, CaCl2, CH3OH, distilled water and tap water. It was concluded that HCl, NaCl, and CaCl2 were strong electrolytes as they dissociate completely forming free ions. On the other hand, CH3COOH, CH3OH, and the tap water were weak electrolytes. This is because they partially dissociated into ions. Finally, the distilled water was found to be a non-electrolyte. In the second part of the experiment, the concentration of the Ba(OH)2 was determined by a titration process, when reacting with H2SO4 solution. The titration process was held by monitoring the conductivity of the base solution Ba(OH)2 throughout the reaction. This monitoring happened by changing the volume of the strong acid H2SO4 until the equivalence point was reached. Then calculations were done to find the concentration of Ba(OH)2 throughout the reaction, which was found to be 0.1 moles/L. The results of this experiment helps in understanding what types of species are present in different solutions and the strength of conductivities for different types of solutions. Such an experiment is very significant in the field of electricity, as the properties of strong and weak electrolytes play an important because they are considered to the basic components in many industrial products. Results Part (A) In this part of the experiment, the conductivity of different solutions was examined. Those solutions were NaCl, CaCl2 , CH3COOH, HCl, CH3OH, distilled H2O, and tap H2O. All of the solutions were of 0.1molarity. The following table shows the conductivity values collected. Table 1: Conductivity Values of Different Solutions Solutions Conductivity ( ¿Ã‚ ½S/cm) NaCl 13373 CaCl2 16923 CH3COOH 775 HCl 35765 CH3OH 207 Distilled H2O 198 Tap H2O 205 From the results found, it was concluded that the solutions tested varied in conductivity strength. For example, NaCl, CaCl2, and HCl ¿Ã‚ ½s conductivity values were relatively high compared with the other solutions. This clearly implies that they are strong electrolytes. Those three solutions were found to be strong electrolytes because the atoms of each molecule completely dissociated into positive and negative ions inside the aqueous solution, leaving no remaining reactant molecules. Therefore, those ions became free to conduct electricity. The following chemical equations illustrate the dissociation of those three solutions. HCl ? H+ + Cl- Eq(1) NaCl ? Na+ + Cl- Eq(2) CaCl2 ? Ca+ + 2Cl- Eq(3) On the other hand, it was observed that CH3COOH, CH3OH, and the tap water H2O were weak electrolytes because their conductivity was increased, but in a low rate. This happens to be a fact because those three solutions partially dissociated. This means that the atoms of those molecules formed ions, but to a limited extent, as some of those ions got attracted again to form the same molecule. Therefore, only the remaining ions in the solution conducted electricity. The following chemical equations show the reactions of those solutions. The arrow directed to the reactant indicates the reaction of the ions after the  ¿Ã‚ ½partial ¿Ã‚ ½ dissociation. CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO- Eq(4) CH3OH CH3+ + OH Eq(5) H2O H+ + OH- Eq(6) Finally, the distilled Water was found to be a non-electrolyte as the conductivity value was 198, which means that the distilled water had a very poor conductivity power. Therefore, it did not dissociate. As a result, no equation is to be illustrated. Part (B) In this part of the experiment, the concentration of the solution Ba(OH)2 was to be found through titrating it by adding 0.08 M H2SO4 . Various conductivity values were taken by adding few milliliters of H2SO4 into the solution. The table below lists the values of the added H2SO4 and the corresponding conductivity values of Ba(OH)2 solution of every addition. Table 2: The Conductivity of the Solution Ba(OH)2 as H2SO4 is Added. Volume (mL) Conductivity ( ¿Ã‚ ½S/cm) 1.00 5072 3.00 3754 5.00 2452 7.00 1214 8.00 658 9.00 276 10.00 772 10.20 869 10.50 1067 10.60 105 10.70 1191 10.80 1497 10.90 1698 11.00 1898 11.10 2008 11.40 2008 11.60 2435 After conducting the titration process and doing the calculations, the concentration of of Ba(OH)2 was found to be 0.1 mol/L. Calculations In part (B), the concentration of Ba(OH)2 solution was found through serval calculation steps. First, the volume at the equivalence point of H2SO4 was found from the graph produced during the lab to be 9mL, which equaled to 0.009L. Using this value, the number of H2SO4 moles was found from the following equation. Number of Moles = Molarity x Volume Eq(7) H2SO4 Moles = Molarity x Volume = 0.8 x 0.009 = 0.0072 moles of H2SO4 The equation of the reaction was, H2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 ? BaSO4 + 2H2O Eq(8) From equation 8, the ratio of H2SO4 to Ba(OH)2 is 1:1. This implies that the number of moles of both of them was equal. Therefore, as the volume of Ba(OH)2 added was 70mL, the concentration of Ba(OH)2 was found as follows. Molarity= Number of moles / Volume Eq(9) Concentration of Ba(OH)2= Number of moles / Volume = 0.0072moles/ 0.07L = 0.1 moles/L Conclusion It was found out that some solutions were considered to be strong electrolytes like HCl, CaCl2 , and NaCl. This was because of their complete dissociation into the solution, which resulted in forming free ions that conductied electricity. On the other hand, other solutions like Ch3COOH, CH3OH, and tap water were weak electrolyte as they partially dissociated in the solution. Some of the free ions reacted again leaving only few ions. Therefore, the solution conducted electricity, but weakly. The distilled water did not conduct electricity. Therefore, it was a nonelectrolyte. Finally, the titration process was used to determine the concentration of Ba(OH)2 inside the solution, which was 0.1 mol/L.

Free College Essays - Impact of Characters on Conrad in Ordinary People :: Ordinary People

Ordinary People - Impact of Characters on Conrad    In the novel Ordinary People, by Judith Guest, many people affect Conrad.   Three people that have an affect on him are his father, mother and therapist.   Conrad goes through significant changes by the way he has been affected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the beginning of the novel Con had just returned from the hospital for attempting suicide.   Right off the bat Con finds it hard to wake up in the morning because he is afraid that anxiety and failure will be waiting for him.   He makes himself think of reasons to get out of bed.   Then he goes through the whole ritual in his head.   Con was depressed.   He would be a treated very fragile wise by his teachers.   He also was a very doubt full person.   When it came to his brother’s death, he would wish that he could have done something different.   Con would go through the whole scene in his head over and over again pondering on what he could have done right.   He also feels isolated from his mother.   Although he loves his mother, she could never love him back.   Most of the time he would feel obligated to stay away from her.   Because Lazenby reminded Con of his brother, Con decided to break up their frie ndship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the novel one person who had an affect on Conrad was his father.   From the beginning of the novel, Con’s father had an understanding of him.   From talking to spending time with Con, his father was there most of the time.   When Conrad was confused or had a question, his father would try to help and answer him to the best of his ability.   Because his father was put into a home I think that he was able to understand Con a lot more.   Just as understanding he was also caring.   Whenever Con felt upset or happy, his father was there to share the experience. His father would always make sure that Con was all right.   His father cared so much that he gave Con a number of a psychiatrist.   Unlike the mother, the father would like to see Con back to normal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The mother had a negative affect on Conrad.   After the brother’s death, and Con’s attempted suicide, she could never deal with Con.   When the brother died so did a part of her ability to love.

Comparison of Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God and Walkers Color

A Comparison of Their Eyes Were Watching God and The Color Purple    Of Zora Neale Hurston's novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, Alice Walker says "it speaks to me as no novel, past or present, has ever done."   Though 45 years separate Their Eyes Were Watching God and The Color Purple, the two novels embody many similar concerns and methods. Hurston and Walker write of the experience of uneducated rural southern black women. They find a wisdom that can transform our communal relations and our spiritual lives. As Celie in The Color Purple says, referring to God: "If he ever listened to poor colored women the world would be a different place, I can tell you." Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God depicts the process of a woman's coming to consciousness, finding her voice and developing the power to tell her story. This fresh and much-needed perspective was met with incomprehension by the male literary establishment. In his review in New Masses, Richard Wright said the novel lacked "a basic idea or theme that lends itself to significant interpretation." Hurston's dialogue, he said, "manages to catch the psychological movements of the Negro folk mind in their pure simplicity, but that's as far as it goes. . . . . The sensory sweep of her novel carries no theme, no message, no thought." Many male reviewers and critics have reacted with similar hostility and incomprehension to The Color Purple. But to be blind to the definitions these and other women writers give to women's experience is to deny the validity of that experience. For Hurston's heroine, Janie, self-discovery and self-definition consist of learning to recognize and trust her inner voice, while rejecting the formulations others try to impose upon her. Increasin... ...: 181-202. Tate, Linda. "No Place Like Home": Learning to Read Two Writers' Maps // A Southern Weave of Women. Fiction of the Contemporary South. The University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia & London, 1994 Wade-Gayler, Gloria. Black, Southern, Womanist: The Genius of Alice Walker // Southern Women Writers. The New Generation. Ed. By Tonette Bond Inge. The University of Alabama Press, Touscaloosa & London, 1990 Critical Essays on Alice Walker. Ed. By Ikenna Dieke. Greenwood Press, Westpoint, Connecticut, London, 1999 Modern Critical Views. Alice Walker. Ed. by Harold Bloom. Chelsea House Publishers. New York & Philadelphia, 1989 Walker, Alice. The Color Purple. Harcourt Bruce Jovanovich, Publishers. New York, San Diego, London, 1992 --. "Finding Celie's Voice," Ms., December 1985, 72 --. Meridian. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976.

Crime Rate Soars in Abra Essay

I.INTRODUCTION: As if living up to its moniker â€Å"murder capital of the north,† shooting incidents in Abra in the first quarter of 2011 have almost tripled compared to those recorded in the same period in 2010, an election year. Based on records from the Abra Provincial Police Office (Abra-PPO), there were 14 shooting incidents from January to March in 2010 as against 36 cases recorded from January to March 27 this year. Statistically, this means that at least one shooting incident takes place every three days in this northern province. a.) Backround Of The Study Abra is a landlocked province in northern Luzon, which is consistently listed among hotspots during elections because of intense political rivalry and the presence of private armies. The current number of shooting incidents the year 2012 is more than a third of the 102 recorded shooting incidents. b.)Objectives: †¢To help people see, especially the youngsters, the negative effects of doing crimes. †¢To help people realize that crimes does not only destroys one entity but the whole country. †¢To let them see our place will not be progressive if some people will continue to do crimes specially killings. c.)Review Of Related Literature: REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7659 Sec. 5.The penalty of death for parricide under Article 246 of the same Code is hereby restored, so that it shall read as follows: â€Å"Art. 246.Parricide. – Any person who shall kill his father, mother, or child, whether legitimate of illegitimate, or any of his ascendants, or descendants, or his spouse, shall be guilty of parricide and shall be punished by the penalty of reclusion perpetua to death.† Sec. 6.Article 248 of the same Code is hereby amended to read as follows: â€Å"Art. 248.Murder. – Any person who, not falling  within the provisions of Article 246 shall kill another, shall be guilty of murder and shall be punished by reclusion perpetua, to death if committed with any of the following attendant circumstances: Sec. 7.Article 255 of the same Code is hereby amended to read as follows: â€Å"Art. 255.Infanticide. – The penalty provided for parricide in Article 246 and for murder in Article 248 shall be imposed upon any person who shall kil l any child less than three days of age. If any crime penalized in this Article be committed by the mother of the child for the purpose of concealing her dishonor, she shall suffer the penalty of prision mayor in its medium and maximum periods, and if said crime be committed for the same purpose by the maternal grandparents or either of them, the penalty shall be reclusion temporal.† Sec. 12.Section 2 of Republic Act No. 7080 (An Act Defining and Penalizing the Crime of Plunder) is hereby amended to read as follows: â€Å"Sec. 2.Definition of the Crime of Plunder; Penalties. – Any public officer who, by himself or in connivance with members of his family, relatives by affinity or consanguinity, business associates, subordinates or other persons, amasses, accumulates or acquires ill-gotten wealth through a combination or series of overt criminal acts as described in Section 1 (d) hereof in the aggregate amount or total value of at least Fifty million pesos (P50,000,000.00) shall be guilty of the crime of plunde r and shall be punished by reclusion perpetua to death. Any person who participated with the said public officer in the commission of an offense contributing to the crime of plunder shall likewise be punished for such offense. In the imposition of penalties, the degree of participation and the attendance of mitigating and extenuating circumstances, as provided by the Revised Penal Code, shall be considered by the court. The court shall declare any and all ill-gotten wealth and their interests and other incomes and assets including the properties and shares of stocks derived from the deposit or investment thereof forfeited in favor of the State.† d.)Framework: I must admit that Bangued or Abra in general is not on the top list of the many tourist attractions in the Ilocos or Cordillera Regions. The number-one most probable culprit may be the fact that some local tourists still have the stigma about NPA and the prevalent crimes in the province. And if there  are local tourists around, expect that they are just visiting for some business matters in the town capital. That leads me to my second most probable culprit: purpose of travelling. â€Å"Why should I go and visit Abra? What would I do in Bangued?† are just two of the many questions of some tourists, both local and international. e.)Statement of the problem: CRIME IS An act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it and for which punishment is imposed upon conviction. Anywhere in the world is consider unsafe and dangerous. What makes a country, town or barangays even more dangerous and unsafe is when the politician themselves are busy killing each other instead of busy promoting peace and order in their respective area of assignment. Very sad to say this is the case with Bangued, Abra right now. At least here in Illinois our politicians are not at that situation yet and I hope, it will always be the case. f.)Hypothesis: I was born from Bangued, Abra and I am very disappointed to know and watch that my birthplace is becoming more of a killing fields. Abrenians are suffering because of these bad developments that our town is going through. Bad publicity doesn’t help at all when we are trying to promote our town as a good destination for tourist. It’s just very unsafe and dangerous place to be at right now. Politicians are busy killing each other instead of uniting for a better and prosperous Bangued, Abra. What a sad and proudless story to tell to our next generations. g.)Analysis: Shooting incidents have resulted in various crimes such as murder, homicide, frustrated murder, attempted murder and physical injury. It is not known if all shooting incidents have been documented by the Abra PNP. Early last year, several patients who sustained bullet wounds and checked in hospitals for treatment were not listed in police records. According to a short analysis in the Abra PNP report, the lower number of shooting incidents in 2010 was attributed to the Commission on Election’s (COMELEC) gun ban â€Å"implemented prior to the conduct of the National and Local Election.† â€Å"This  fact denotes that Total Gun Ban in the province is beneficial to the reduction of crimes committed with the use of firearms,† â€Å"Poverty and lack of job opportunities are the reasons why being a ‘hired killer’ has become a profession.†

Psychoanalysis and the Treatment of Drug Addiction Essay

Drug addiction persists to present major challenge to serving psychoanalysts. There are different techniques used to treat drug addiction however this paper mainly discusses psychoanalysis as a mode of treatment for drug addiction. Even though media hype regarding the issue of drug addiction has augmented in the last few years, there has not been sufficient stress on different methods used to deal with it. Therapists, educationist, and the common public require information on the subject of treatment methods and means that are accessible to them. Gradually more, experienced psychoanalysts are getting employed in drug addiction programs (Hosie, West, & Mackey, 1997). In order to be successful, they should be aware of different methods used in drug addiction treatment and try to incorporate them into their daily practice and job. People who are in the field of drug addiction treatment, nonetheless, must try to have clear idea about using different methods of treatment (Schonfeld & Morosko, 1997). Among the various modalities used to treat drug addiction are the â€Å"twelve-step program† of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), professional counselling and psychiatric care, family systems therapy, and therapeutic community treatment. In the past, these approaches have often been at odds with one another (Minkoff, 1995). Some of the debates have involved whether drug addiction is a disease in and of itself or is reflective of some underlying psychopathology. The proponents of the disease model have included AA (1995) supporters, who have tended to focus on abstinence as a way of controlling the disease. Adherents to the psychopathology model have mainly been mental health professionals who have advocated psychiatric and professional counselling treatment. Yeager, DiGiuseppe, Olsen, Lewis, and Alberti (1997) noted that therapeutic community treatment has become increasingly popular because traditional and more individually oriented psychiatric modalities have not been very effective. They echoed the argument made by Vaillant (1975) that clients suffering from drug addiction need milieu and group involvement with their peers. External control, containment, and structure from milieu-oriented treatment are needed before meaningful psychotherapy can begin. Stanton and Todd (2000) agreed that peer influence can play a role in less serious drug addiction problems however that long-term drug addiction generally has its origins in adolescence and that â€Å"serious drug abuse is predominantly a family phenomenon† (p. 8). They argued that family therapy is therefore the logical treatment of choice. Psychoanalysis And Drug Addiction To be exact, severe drug addiction is considered as being motivated by contradictory and unsettled relational kinematicsthat drawn from the premature systematizing relations in a individuals lives. As far as drug addiction is concerned, the terms of this disagreement discover solid look in distinguishing actions of using drugs that provide to spread it with the help of the mutual results of reinforcement and disguise. The objective of treatment is for patient and psychoanalyst to uncover the constituents of the relational ties that are embedded in the drug use, to reformulate these forces in figurative expressions, and tore-check them in the kinematics of the change, next to prospects for latest exchange. Seen this way, the treatment requirements of drug users can finely be convened by psychoanalysis, improved by other methods essential for dealing with addiction. In the past drug addiction has been shut out from psychoanalysis and this method of treatment, clearly in its insinuation, might appear merely to validate that standing. Doing psychoanalysis treatment of drug users, comparing with other treatment methods, educates awareness on these desire states and uses replacement as a remedial instrument. No matter what the stress of the theory or character of the foundation, every analysis of addictive disorder that represent on entity associations tacitly contribute to a common principle: that the action of drug use comes into view as a result of desire. Whilst created by a lot of dependent variables, an operation of severe drug use, if intra-psychically inspected, at all times corresponds to an attempt to bring about inner alteration, or outside reaction, in a exacting, approved method. Almond (1997) has described desire as â€Å"a personal condition—a feeling of total control or power—that the person endeavours to bring about with his action and/or fantasy† (p. 3). By these stipulations, an action of excessive drug use signifies a fundamental, desire condition and is a means to implement it, whether with regard to effects desired in the self or others in the outside world. Rik Loose discussed in his book â€Å"The Subject of Addiction† that psychoanalysis and addiction are counterparts of the world of science and techniques. Therefore, since, the logical dialogue centers on the issue and the drug user’s relationship to his reason of desire. In an intelligent approach, Rik Loose depicts the reason of globalization that requires our times and counters to it as a organization governed by desire and ideals. (Loose, 2002) Psychoanalysts who work with drug users know that the act of drug use is an indicative result of a procedure of previous changes. The language of diversity, acknowledged as a modern construction for intellect, allows us to spot the drug user as careworn into specific states of mind— comprising of particular influence, feelings regarding the person himself and others, feelings concerning the world—that augment the desires and cravings that are confined and apparently recognized in typical action of drug use. One might also say that, for a given drug consumer, the action of using the drug provides to intrepidly set the limits of a basic state of oneself. In fact, the preliminary investigative mission with the drug user comprises of extricating the user from attraction with the drug in order to divert the user in its place in the self-state that portends it. Astonishingly, the standing of desire in the addiction is for the most part uncared for in drug treatment. Drug users in this kind of situations are frequently encouraged to talk to other recuperating fellows when they believe themselves to be caught up in desire to take in drug. (Loose, 2002) This suggestion— regularly wielded by twelve-step companionship also, in the shape of a status offer to talk to one’s supporter every time sensing the urge to take drug—is evidently well planned (and, no doubt, useful at times). On the other hand this type of counselling is sightless to the internal truth of the state of desire that not just impels substance users presumptuous in their use of drugs, nevertheless in addition throw away understanding of other individuals in their lives to the periphery of their brain. Moreover, still as conventional treatment programs dedicate significant consideration to the issue of reversion— enlightening drug users in relation to surroundings stimuli and inner feelings (e. g. depression, loneliness) that could encourage desires to use drugs—they pay no attention to the desire aver that the course of reversion usually serve to perform. Due to this rationale, psychoanalysis has a lot to proffer the severe drug user: whilst the majority of drug treatments look forward to putting an end to drug addicting behaviour, the psychoanalytic attempt would take in this objective and stretch further to investigate the desire state that uncovers end result in drug use and in other prototypes of actions in his or her life. In effect, the methodical approach would be to treat the person’s drug use nevertheless look for to disengage such a symptomatic outburst from the original self-state, which has required to be conserved for its background and significance to the person and, for that basis, deserve consideration (Bromberg, 1998). â€Å"transformation come in an analysis,† Winnicott (1960) wrote, â€Å"when the traumatic factors enter the psycho-analytic material in the patient’s own way, and within the patient’s desire† (p. 37). This regulatory statement can also be functional to remedial work with drug users, whose desire intend, usually set free â€Å"out there,† requirement to be completely greeted into the methodical exchange. In fact, it is from the point of view of the functioning coalition— nevertheless effectively realizes with a drug user—that the analyst may sense another exchange transpiring in the transference. In it, the analyst is excluded from all events eventuating in the patient’s drug use and is left to feel helpless. Not only is the patient’s move to a state of emotional cut-off a marker of desire, so is the analyst’s helpless state. (Loose, 2002) For it is these feelings of helplessness in the analyst that point to the history of pain or trauma in the patient that may have showed the way to the user’s need for desire to start with, and to such severity. Nonetheless, certain new trends in investigative way and the significance of a relational viewpoint in understanding drug use, the ability of psychoanalysts, amplified by understanding of addiction, can be of utmost advantage to them. That is why a relational model of psychoanalytically based treatment has significance for severe drugs users. This statement may seem surprising on two accounts: psychoanalysis has often been considered useless for active drug users, and drug users have often been judged unsuitable for psychoanalysis. (Loose, 2002) Both assumptions are false, though accepted as truths in the mental health and drug addiction treatment worlds. Recent changes that have taken place in the understanding of the psychoanalytic process make relationally informed psychoanalysis an ideal therapeutic venue for drug users. These shifts in psychoanalysis have reversed its previous lack of fit for drug addiction. Any Psychoanalyst who has spent time working with drug users has heard, first-hand, accounts of the disrepute of psychoanalysis from the standpoint of addicted patients. (Loose, 2002) The traditional analytic stance that emphasized observation smacked of passivity to drug users, and the priority given to aetiology over symptoms often left patients’ drinking and drug use unattended to. However contemporary psychoanalysis has shifted its style of investigation; as Mitchell (1997) stated, it has moved away from reliance on interpretation and insight as the primary tools for achieving therapeutic change. Rather, psychoanalysis today places emphasis on an analyst’s ability to enter into a patient’s dynamics, mobilized in transference–counter transference form; together with the patient to arrive at an understanding of these experiences; and, in the process, to find new forms of relating for the patient to trust, in the place of old, constraining patterns (Mitchell, 1997; Bromberg, 1998). In short, today’s psychoanalyst is every bit an engaged participant. How does this development serve the substance-using patient? The drug user tends to be a do-er and act-er, and, on technical grounds alone, needs an active approach to feel meaningfully engaged, even adequately â€Å"gripped† by the therapeutic process. However, on another level, it is precisely the drug user’s recourse to action to express conflicting relational needs that is the target of treatment. (Loose, 2002) Reliance on action is a cornerstone of the drug user’s characterologic makeup (Wurmser, 1977, 1978). It is typically this reliance that has earned him disfavour with psychoanalysts, whose work depends so on reflection and delay. Action serves many purposes for the drug user, however it is usually its defensive function that has been highlighted by theorists. In this view, as articulated by Wurmser, action gives the drug user a powerful alternative to, or, more accurately, means of flight from, painful affects and inadequate tools of symbolic expression. Drug users are notable for limitations in their symbolic functioning: Wurmser termed their difficulties â€Å"hypo-symbolization,† describing deficits that range from a specific inability to recognize and label feelings to a more sweeping failure to engage in fantasy or exploration of their inner lives at all. In such a view, again elaborated by Wurmser, action serves as a special form of externalization, offering the person its magical, problem solving properties and the appearance of narcissistic control. However if, instead of emphasizing its defensive role, we view action as the vehicle drug users have for communicating un-symbolized experience, then it is to their actions we must look for the initial outlines of their conflicts. Drug use is then far from unwelcome in undertaking analytic treatment of a person taking drugs. It is the signature act of such a patient and, as such, contains the components of his unconscious and as yet un-symbolized life; it is the starting point of treatment. The intended course of that treatment would then be for analyst and patient to begin to uncover the relational deadlock embedded in the drug use. (Loose, 2002) Their aim is to discover that deadlock anew in the kinematicsof the transference, often at first still involving instances of drug use, and eventually to locate it within the organizing relationships of the patient’s early life, ultimately replayed and addressed free of reference to drugs, within the experience of the treatment relationship. In other words, the aim of therapeutic action would be to track, and deconstruct, the symptom from its extra-psychic form, concretized in drug use, to its intra-psychic life in the patient’s object relations (Boesky, 2000). It is here that the needs of the person consuming drug and the current state of psychoanalytic practice converge. Enactments, whereby patients draw their analysts into jointly realizing fantasized aspects of their object relations, play a recognized role in analytic practice today. Though theorists of various schools differ in their understanding of enactments, view of the analyst’s role, and sense of their therapeutic value, there is general agreement in the field that enactments are inevitable manifestations of transference–counter-transference forces at work in the analytic process (Ellman and Moskowitz, 1998). In relational theory, in particular, enactments are regarded not only as unavoidable, however also as the central medium of the work. They are the means through which patient and analyst are afforded the opportunity to revive old relational patterns jointly, as well as to reopen them to observation, understanding, and possibilities for change within the analytic relationship (Mitchell, 1997; Bromberg, 1998). By placing enactment at the heart of analytic work, relational practitioners have opened the door of psychoanalysis to substance using patients. This is so for several reasons: first, enactments provide drug users with a mode of communication tailor made to their needs to actualize, rather than reflect on, inner experience (Boesky, 2000). More important, enactments are a conduit for experience whose transitional properties uniquely serve the drug user—offering not only a bridge between the patient’s symptomatic behaviour outside the consulting room to his conduct within the treatment, however also, more generally, a bridge between action and meaning, drug and object, act of drug use and underlying relational needs. In theory and approach, then, the relational model provides the basis for the desired course of treatment for drug users. To be sure, no treatment of drug addiction could be effective by attending to the relational underpinnings of drug use alone. Severe drug use is a dangerous and potentially life-threatening problem; however derived, it nonetheless is sustained by the powerful pharmacological effects of drugs and the operation of the laws of conditioning on people’s behaviour. (Loose, 2002) Any Psychoanalyst working with a person taking drug must have a working knowledge of a range of ancillary treatment modalities commonly needed during the course of their treatment. Such approaches include use of cognitive-behavioural interventions, referrals to residential or intensive outpatient programs, support for participation in 12-step programs, use of toxicology tests, and use of pharmaco-therapies designed to counteract or inhibit drug effects (for example, disulfiram for alcoholics, naltrexone for opiate addicts). Purely speaking, then, any treatment of active drug user is, by force, integrative in practice, if, ultimately, psychoanalytic in design. However, if appropriately used, such supplementary therapies do not necessarily compromise the analytic task; in fact, it is my argument that the particular tools summoned during the course of any one patient’s treatment are—like his drug use—uniquely customized to fit his relational needs and are therefore best understood within a psychoanalytic framework.